NATIONAL TVET COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT SCHOOL YEAR 2020-2021

 

                                               MAKING GUIDE

 SECTOR: MEDIA AND FILM MAKING

                                   TRADE: MULTMEDIA

LEVEL: 4

 MODULE CODE AND TITLE: Capturing photographic Image

 DURATION:  3 hours

 INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE:

The examination comprises three (3) sections:

 

ü  Section A: All questions are compulsory (55 marks)

ü  Section B

Ø  This section is composed by three(3) compulsory questions

Ø  Scoring is out of 30 Marks being 10marks for each question.

ü  Section C

Ø  In this section is composed by two(2) questions choose only one (1)

Ø  Scoring is out of 15 Marks

ü  Plot a line after each question in order to separate your answers

SECTION A:  Attempt all question in section A   /55 MARKS

Question 1: Give five (5) camera mount kit (5 Marks)

1.   Warm Up Describe three camera movements.

2.   Monopod A monopod is a single pole onto which you can mount a camera.

3.   Tripod A tripod is a three-legged camera mount. Can be connected to a dolly for easy maneuverability.

4.   Crane A crane is a motion picture camera support that can lift the camera from close to the studio floor to more than 10 feet above it.

5.   Dolly A dolly is a camera support that enables the camera to move in all horizontal directions. It can be used to move the camera toward or away from the object.

6.   Jib Arm Similar to a camera crane. Permits the jib arm operator to raise, lower, and tongue (move sideways) the jib arm while tilting and panning the camera.

7.   Studio Pedestal Heavy camera dolly that permits raising and lowering the camera while on the air.

8.   Steadicam Camera mount whose built-in springs hold the camera steady while the operator moves.

Question 2: Differentiate optical zoom and Digital zoom (5 Marks)


·  Optical zoom: If taking a lot of photos from far away subjects is important to you, be sure that the camera you buy has an optical zoom. An optical zoom is a true zoom lens, like the zoom lens you’d use on a film camera. They produce much better-quality images.

·  Digital zoom: Some cameras offer a digital zoom, which is simply some in-camera image processing. When you use a digital zoom, the camera enlarges the image area at the center of the frame and trims away the outside edges of the picture. The result is the same as when you open an image in your photo-editing program, crop away the edges of the picture, and then enlarge the remaining portion of the photo.

Question 3: what is the difference between view finder and LCD screen (5 Marks)


The most obvious difference with electronic viewfinders is that just like looking at the LCD screen on the back of your camera, you see a digital representation of the world in front of your camera instead of the actual world that your eye sees.

LCD screens are great, and the quality improves with each new generation of DSLR cameras appearing on the market. But, many professional photographers prefer to use a camera's viewfinder.

Question 4: how can you transfer file from digital camera to a computer (5Marks)


Connect the camera to the computer via USB. USB stands for Universal Serial Bus, which is a technology developed for connecting printers, cameras, and other devices to a computer. A USB port is a slot on the computer where you can plug in a USB cable. Here’s a close-up look at a USB plug and ports, which are typically marked with the symbol you see below.

Use a card reader. A card reader is a device that enables a computer to access data directly from a memory card. No camera or battery power required. You just take the card out of the camera and slip it into the card reader when you want to download photos.

Transfer wirelessly. Cellphones and other smart devices can connect to your computer wirelessly, assuming that your computer itself is part of a Wi-Fi network. You also may be able to use Bluetooth, another wireless data-transfer technology, to connect your smart device to your computer.

Question 5: what do you consider while choosing camera battery (5 Marks)

we all look for the same qualities in camera batteries: a long lifespan, great battery performance, and a price that can’t be beaten. With this in mind, you can compare many different brands and battery types to find the perfect battery for your camera; all while meeting your needs and keeping a watch on your budget. Rechargeable batteries offer a longer lasting source of power for cameras; however they do not have an attractive price tag. 

Question 6: list five (5) common camera storage devices 

The most common types of digital camera storage media are CompactFlash, Secure Digital, xD Picture, Memory Stick, Microdrive, and Smart Media.

Most of the current digital cameras use CompactFlash cards

Question 7: When capturing an image at night there are Common Obstacles that you can face, give a brief note about these obstacles (3 Marks)


Taking photos at night can be a challenge because your camera doesn't have as much light to work with. Common problems include photos that are blurry (due to a slow shutter speed), grainy (due to a higher ISO number), or dark (if your camera can't compensate for the low light).

Question 8: explain at list 4 camera modes during capture that are available on mode dial (3 Marks)

・Mode P (Programmed Auto)

The camera automatically adjusts aperture and shutter speed for optimal exposure, but the photographer can choose from different combinations of aperture and shutter speed that will produce the same exposure. This is known as flexible program.

・Mode S (Shutter-Priority Auto)

The photographer chooses the shutter speed and the camera automatically adjusts aperture for optimal exposure.

・Mode A (Aperture-Priority Auto)

The photographer chooses the aperture and the camera automatically adjusts shutter speed for optimal exposure.

Note: that in all three modes—P, S, and A—exposure is automatically adjusted for optimal results.

・Mode M (Manual)

The photographer chooses both aperture and shutter speed, providing the greatest latitude for creative expression. Choosing the wrong combination could, however, result in photographs that are too bright (overexposed) or too

dark (underexposed). We therefore recommend using the camera exposure indicator as a guide when choosing aperture and shutter speed.

 

Question 9: give at least 3 types of scanner (3 Marks) 

·         Flatbed Scanners

·         Sheet-Fed Scanners

·         Integrated Scanners

·         Drum Scanners

·         Portable Scanners

Question 10: what is metadata? (3 Marks) 

A set of data that describes and gives information about other data. Metadata is essential for maintaining historical records of long-term data sets, making up for inconsistencies that can occur in documenting data, personnel and methods. Comprehensive metadata can also enable data sets designed for a single purpose to be reused for other purposes and over the longer term

Question 11: Give three example of metadata on an image? (3 Marks)

·         Width

·               Height

·         pixels  

·         aperture

·         shutter speed

·         ISO number

·         focal depth

·         Name of the photographer

·         and the date and time when a photograph was taken

Question 12: Discuss how you can progress your project toward achieving your targets (5 Marks) 

Identify what’s Important

The first step in setting and achieving project goals is to identity what things in your project are really important to you and the rest people involved.

Set Critical Things as Goals

You need to determine critical things and turn them into project goals. There is an efficient technique of project goals management, called “SMART” (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic and Timely).

Share Your Goals

Your project goals and objectives won’t be successfully achieved if you do not communicate them to the team.

 

Develop an Action Plan

Having the project goals in front of you every day will help but you also need to have a detailed action plan to achieve the goals. Your project plan is too common and does not depict how to achieve specific goals.

Keep the Project on Track

As a good project manager who can set priorities and diversify own efforts, you need to focus on the high-priority tasks in your plan while your team will focus on the rest tasks.

Question 13: After capturing an image you need to highlight different details of that image. State five (5) of those details. (5 Marks) 

·         Photographer

·         Location

·          date

·         time

·         rights management

SECTIONB:  Attempt all question in section B /30 MARKS

Question 14: explain 10 photography technical terminology  (10 Marks)

Aspect Ratio

If you’ve ever printed images before, you’ve probably noticed that an 8 x 10 usually crops from the original image. That’s due to aspect ratio. Aspect ratio is simply the ratio of the height to width

 

Depth of Field

Depth of field is a photography term that refers to how much of the image is in focus

Digital Vs. Optical

Digital and optical are important terms to understand when shopping for a new camera. Digital means the effect is achieved through software, not physical parts of the camera.

Exposure

Exposure is how light or dark an image is. An image is created when the camera sensor (or film strip) is exposed to light—that’s where the term originates.

Exposure Compensation

Exposure compensation is a way to tell the camera that you’d like the exposure to be lighter or darker.

File Format

The file format is how your camera lens will record the image or image file.

Focal Length

The focal length describes the distance in millimeters between the lens and the image it forms on the film.

Focus

When your eyes focus on an object that’s close to you, the objects far away will appear blurry. The common photography term “focus” has the same meaning.

Hot Shoe

Hot shoe is the slot at the top of a camera for adding accessories, like the aptly named hot shoe flash.

 

ISO

The ISO determines how sensitive the camera is to light. For example, an ISO of 100 means the camera isn’t very sensitive—great for shooting in the daylight.

Manual

Manual mode allows the photographer to set the exposure instead of having the camera do it automatically. In manual, you choose the aperture, shutter speed and ISO, and those choices affect how light or dark the image is. Semi-manual modes include aperture priority (where you only choose the aperture), shutter priority (where you only choose the shutter speed) and programed auto (where you choose a combination of aperture and shutter speed together instead of setting them individually).

Noise

Noise is simply little flecks in an image, also sometimes called grain. Images taken at high ISOs have a lot of noise, so it’s best to use the lowest ISO you can for the amount of light in the scene.

RAW or Raw Files

RAW is a file type that gives the photographer more control over photo editing. RAW is considered a digital negative, where the default JPEG file type has already been processed a bit. RAW requires special software to open, however, while JPEG is more universal

Shutter Speed

The shutter speed is the part of the camera that opens and closes to let light in and take a picture. The shutter speed is how long that shutter stays open, written in seconds or fractions of a second, like 1/200 s. or 1”, with the “ symbol often used to designate an entire second

Shutter Release

That’s the button (or shutter button) you press to take the picture. It allows you to point-and-shoot.

Time Lapse

A time-lapse is a video created from stitching several photos together taken of the same thing at different times. Don’t confuse a time lapse with a long exposure, which is a single image with a long shutter speed.

Viewfinder

That’s the hole you look through to take the picture. Some digital cameras don’t have one and just use the screen, but all DSLRs and most mirrorless cameras use them.

White Balance

Your eyes automatically adjust to different light sources, but a camera can’t do that—that’s why sometimes you take an image and it looks very blue or very yellow.

Single Lens Reflex

A single lens reflex camera has a single lens that forms an image which is reflected to the viewfinder. Digital single lens reflex cameras or DSLR cameras are the most versatile of the digital cameras.

Flash Sync

You probably know that the flash is a burst of light—flash sync determines when the flash fires. Normally, the flash fires at the beginning of the photo, but changing the flash sync mode adjusts when that happens.

 

Question 15: with your own idea explain how you can manage and complete a photographic project (10 Marks) (

1.   Giving Yourself Time.

 PPart of planning a project like this involves making sure that you have enough time to attend to all the details. 

2.   Give Yourself Freedom.

3.   Do Some Writing. 

4.   Make It Personal.

D  Do Plenty of Research.

6.   Motivation and a sense of accomplishment

7.   Here is what I consider when picking a subject:

·         Passion

·         What do you love outside of photography

·         How will I shoot this project?

·         choose a subject that is accessible

·         Consistency is crucial

·         Move out of your comfort zone

·         Make a project description

·         The power of the deadline

·         Do whatever brings you to life, then. Follow your own fascinations, obsessions, and compulsions. Trust them. Create whatever causes a revolution in your hear

Question 16: Describe how you can set goals for your photographic project (10 Marks)

Learning by Doing

There is only one sure way to get better at photography: go out and take pictures while consciously considering what you are doing.

Outcome vs. Process Goals

Broadly, there are two kinds of goals: outcome goals and process goals. An outcome goal is defined by an end point, whereas a process goal is defined by the various steps that go towards reaching the end point. For learning new skills, process goals are typically better.

SMART Goals

One of the leading approaches to goal setting is the SMART approach—the acronym stands for Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time-Constrained. A good goal should fulfil all five criteria. This is true of all goals, not just those related to photography.

Setting Good Goals

To start, decide what your overall goal is. If you’re picking up a DSLR for the first time, your goal might be to get comfortable using manual mode. If you’ve been doing a lot of one kind of photography, the goal might be to branch out into others. If you only shoot video, it might be to shoot stills.

The first decision is whether to use outcome or process goals. If you’re already a skilled photographer, outcome goals can work well. If you’re trying something totally new then use process goals.

·         Be realistic

·         Clean up your work space

·         Focus on one topic at a time


SECTION C: Choose one (1) question in section C    /15 MARKS

Question 17: name the following camera part (15 Marks) 

 
 

1

 
 

 

Question 18: Explain three point lighting techniques (15 Marks)


Three-point lighting is the standard form of professional lighting in video production and still photography. It involves using three light sources placed in three different positions. By playing with the size, distance, intensity, and position of these light sources, including their degree angle, it is possible to control how light and shadow fall on a subject, creating different moods. The three types of lights are key light, fill light, and backlight.

  • Key light. This is the primary and brightest light source in the three-point lighting setup. It gives a scene its overall exposure. Cinematographers typically position this main light slightly off to the side of the camera and the front of the subject, on a light stand at a 45-degree angle to the camera, which creates shadows on the opposite side of the subject’s face, giving it dimension and depth. The primary light creates the mood of a scene. Depending upon its position and the supplemental lights used in the overall lighting, it can create a high-key image (evenly, softly lit and atmospherically upbeat) or a low-key image (high contrasts, deep shadows, and very moody).

 

  • Fill light: Mirroring the key light on the opposite side of the camera, the fill light literally fills in the shadows that the key light creates on a subject, bringing out details in the darkness. Typically, this secondary light is less bright than the key, and cinematographers control the overall feel of their shots based on how much they dim or lighten the fill light. A dim fill light, where the fill ration is high, creates a high-contrast, film-noir type of shadow, while a brighter light with a lower, more balanced ratio gives the subject a more even look. The second light isn’t always a light: it can be a reflector, a bounce card, a wall, or anything that bounces back some light onto the subject to fill in the shadows. Together with the key light, the fill light determines the mood of a scene.

 

 

  • Backlight: The third source in this lighting technique, the backlight (also known as the “rim light” or “hair light”) shines on a subject from behind, completing the light setup. This creates a rim of light or outline around their head that pushes the subject away from the background and gives a sense of depth. Typically, cinematographers position the backlight directly behind the subject or high enough to be out of frame, opposite the key light, and pointing at the back of the subject’s neck.

Good lighting creates a more interesting and dynamic image where the subject is seen with more dimension and where the cinematographer has more control over shadows.