NATIONAL TVET COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT

 SCHOOL YEAR 2020-2021

 

 

MAKING GUIDE

SECTOR: MEDIA AND FILM MAKING

 

OPERATING A VIDEO CAMERA

 

DURATION:  3 Hours

 

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE:

The examination comprises three (3) sections:

 

ü  Section A:All questions are compulsory (55 marks)

ü  Section B

Ø  This section is composed by three(3) compulsory questions

Ø  Scoring is out of 30 Marks being 10marks for each question.

ü  Section C

Ø  In this section is composed by two(2) questions choose only one(1)

Ø  Scoring is out of 15 Marks

ü  Plot a line after each question in order to separate your answers

SECTION A:  Attempt all question in section A   /55 MARKS

Question 1:Describe Five (5) buttons used to operate camera (5Marks)

(Operate a video Camera, learning unit 1, page 395)

1.   Shutter-release button - This is the button you hit when you want to take a photo. Pressing it halfway will generally activate autofocus first.

2.   Front dial - A front-facing dial is predominantly used for changing aperture or shutter speed, though it can also be used to make all sorts of other adjustments.

3.   Custom / Function button - While these buttons normally come assigned to a specific camera setting, they can be adjusted depending on what setting you use most.

4.   Power switch - Used (unsurprisingly) to turn your camera on or off.

5.   Lens mount - This metal ring is where the lens (assuming you are using an interchangeable lens camera) attaches to the camera body. After lining up the dots you twist a lens to mount it.

6.   Lens release button - When you want to change lenses you need to press this lens release button and then twist the lens to opposite way (to when you mounted it) to remove it.

7.   Hot-shoe - Even if your camera has a pop-up or built-in flash, a hot-shoe lets you connect an external flash, or mount other accessories.

8.   Pop-up flash - Many cameras feature a pop-up flash. While not as versatile or strong as many external ones, it can still be useful in a number of situations.

9.   Sensor marker - This little icon shows the focal plane marker of the image sensor.

10.        Mode button / dial - Depending on your camera, this is used to switch your camera into modes such as Auto, Program, Shutter priority, Aperture priority and Manual. Some cameras also include scene modes and video recording on the mode dial.

11.        Shutter button - This is the button you hit when you want to take a photo. Pressing it halfway will generally activate autofocus first.

12.        Power switch - Used (unsurprisingly) to turn your camera on or off.

13.        Exposure compensation - This can be a dedicated dial, or a button which is used with a separate dial, and is used to set different exposure values to those selected by the camera.

14.        Video record button - Many cameras feature a dedicated button to start and stop video recording, though some use the shutter button when the device is set to video.

15.        Menu button - Most digital cameras have a vast array of settings which you will access using the menu button.

https://newatlas.com/understanding-camera-button-dial-guide/42978/

Question 2: what is a white balance (5Marks)

(Operate a video Camera, learning unit 1, page 396)

White balance is a feature many digital cameras and video cameras use to accurately balance color. It defines what the color white looks like in specific lighting conditions, which also affects the hue of all other color.White balance (WB) is the process of removing unrealistic color casts, so that objects which appear white in person are rendered white in your photo. Proper camera white balance has to take into account the "color temperature" of a light source, which refers to the relative warmth or coolness of white light

https://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/white-balance.htm

 

 

 

Question 3: explain at least five (5) white balance Modes (5 Marks)

·         Auto White Balance (AWB) - AWB puts the camera in complete control of white balance. "Control" is a strong word, however, because it's really just the camera's best guess as to what the colors should look like. As lighting situations get more difficult, AWB becomes less reliable.

·         Daylight/Sunny - Many cameras have a daylight or sunny preset that has a very subtle warming effect. If you find that the color of your images is ever so slightly on the blue side, try this setting.

·         Cloudy - The cloudy white balance setting warms up images to compensate for the bluish tones that result from cloudy conditions. It is a stronger warming effect than the daylight/sunny setting.

·         Shade - Lighting under shady conditions is even bluer than that under cloud cover. As a result, this setting adds more warmth to your photos than the cloudy preset.

·         Flash - Because light from a flash tends to be on the cool or bluish side, the flash white balance setting warms up the light in your photos.

·         Fluorescent - When shooting under cool fluorescent lighting, use this setting to warm up your shots.

·         Tungsten - Tungsten light (incandescent light) is quite warm, so this setting counteracts that by cooling down the colors.

https://www.photographytalk.com/beginner-photography-tips/white-balance-explained

Question 4: explain what lens filter is and give its role (5 Marks)

(Operate a video Camera, learning unit 1, page 398)

Lens filters are transparent or translucent glass or gelatin elements that attach to the front of a lens. They protect the camera lens, alter the characteristics of light passing through the lens or add special effects and colors to an image. 

https://www.exposureguide.com/lens-filters/#:~:text=Lens%20filters%20are%20transparent%20or,filters%20and%20slot%2Din%20filters.

 

Question 5: list five (5) types of lens filter (5 Marks)

(Operate a video Camera, learning unit 1, page 398)

1.     UV Filter

2.     Polarizing Filter

3.     Color Balancing Filter

4.     Neutral Density Filter

5.     Soft Focus Filter

6.   Filters for B&W Photography

https://www.exposureguide.com/lens-filters/#:~:text=Lens%20filters%20are%20transparent%20or,filters%20and%20slot%2Din%20filters.

Question 6: list five (5) storage devices that can be used in camera (5 Marks)

(Operate a video Camera, learning unit 2, page 401)

1.   Video cassettes tapes

2.   Memory cards

3.   Negative film

4.   VHS

5.   Beta

6.   Hi8

7.   MiniDV

8.   CDs

https://www.photoreview.com.au/tips/buying/storage-options-for-digital-photographers/

Question 7: list three (3) tools used in cleaning camera and accessories (3Marks)

(Operate a video Camera, learning unit 1, page404)

·         DelkinSensorScope System

·         Dust-Off Professional Compressed Gas

·         ROR Optical Lens Cleaner

·         Dust Free Clean Air Blower

·         Cleaner Bottle

·         Lens Cleaning Pen

·         Lens Brush

·         Air Blower Cleaner

·         Cleaning Sheets

·         Cleaning Cloths

https://expertphotography.com/how-to-clean-a-camera-lens/

Question 8:why do need to clean equipment properly and regularly(2Marks)

(Operate a video Camera, learning unit 2, page 404)

Having a dirty lens is a pain. Not only does it ensure frustration when it comes to photographing a scene, it adds extra time during the editing stage.
Some problems can be horrific if not dealt with immediately, resulting in you giving more money for a new lens or camera while you would clean instead.

https://expertphotography.com/how-to-clean-a-camera-lens/

Question 9: outline five (5) equipment needed to take shot (5 marks)

(Operate a video Camera, learning unit 1, page 404)

1.    Tripod

2.    Camera Light

3.    Three-Point Lighting Kit

4.    Shotgun Microphone

5.    Boom Pole

6.    Shock Mount

7.    Audio (XLR) Cables

8.    Wireless Microphone

9.    Portable Digital Audio Recorder

10.  Headphones

11.  Light Reflector

12.  Video Tapes, Flash Memory Cards or DVD's

13.  Video/Photo Camera Bag

14.  DSLR Shoulder Mount Rig

https://www.desktop-documentaries.com/video-production-equipment.html

 

 

 

Question 10: read the following statement and answer by TRUE or FALSE

(5 MARKS) (Operate a video Camera, learning unit 2, page 404)

     i.        The story editor supervises several story analysts who work for the studios

TRUE

   ii.        The dialogue coach helps actors learn their lines and master accents and dialects that are necessary for their roles

TRUE

  iii.        The art director, or production designer, designs and supervises the construction of sets for a movie.

TRUE

  iv.        The director is responsible for all creative aspects of a movie

TRUE

    v.        The camera operator is a member of the camera crew and runs the camera as instructed by the director and the cinematographer

TRUE

Question 11: Complete the following sentence using word in brackets (shutter speed, gain, F-stop, ISO, White balance, frame rate, aperture, Iris)

(5 MARKS) (Operate a video Camera, learning unit 3, page 407)

i.             Your ISO setting allows you to control the sensitivity of your camera.

ii.           Your aperture setting allows you to control depth-of-field and how much of your shot is in focus.

iii.          Frame rate is the amount of individual video frames that your camera captures, per second.

iv.          An f-stop is a camera setting that specifies the aperture of the lens on a particular photograph

v.             Gain is described as a means of increasing the ISO of the device and apparent sensitivity to light.

 

Question 12: explain five camera angles used for taking video (5marks)

(5 MARKS) (Operate a video Camera, learning unit 3, page 408)

1. High-Angle

A high-angle shot is a cinematography technique where the camera points down on the subject from above.

2. Low-Angle

A low-angle shot is when the camera is positioned low on the vertical axis, below the level of the eyeline, and looks up at an object or subject above.

3. Over the Shoulder

The over the shoulder shot, is most commonly used in film when two or more characters are talking to each other in conversation.

4. Bird’s Eye

The bird’s eye view shot, or an aerial view shot, is when the camera is located up above, overhead, capturing the action going on below

5. Dutch Angle/Tilt

The Dutch angle/tilt is more of a stylistic approach to cinematography. In order to execute this, you must tilt your camera to one side, which results in a frame that is not level.

https://www.polarprofilters.com/blogs/polarpro/filmmaking-101-types-of-camera-shots-and-angles

 

 

 

 

 

SECTIONB:  Attempt all question in section B /30 MARKS

Question 13: list and explain 10 shoots type (10 Marks)

 (Operate a video Camera, learning unit 3, and page 408)

*      Extreme Long Shot (ELS) or Extreme Wide Shot (EWS)

An extreme long shot (or extreme wide shot) make your subject appear small against their location. You can use an extreme long shot to make your subject feel distant or unfamiliar.

*      Long Shot (LS) or Wide Shot (WS)

The long shot (also known as a wide shot, abbreviated “WS”) is the same idea, but a bit closer. If your subject is a person then his or her whole body will be in view  but not filling the shot.

*      Full Shot (FS)

Camera shots that let your subject fill the frame while keeping emphasis on scenery

*      Medium Wide Shot (MWS)

A medium long shot (aka medium long shot) frames the subject from roughly the knees up. It splits the difference between a full shot and a medium shot.

*      Medium Shot (MS)

The medium shot is one of the most common camera shots. It's similar to the cowboy shot above, but frames from roughly the waist up and through the torso. So it emphasizes more of your subject while keeping their surroundings visible.

*      Medium Close Up Shot (MCU)

The medium close-up frames your subject from roughly the chest up. So it typically favors the face, but still keeps the subject somewhat distant.

 

 

 

*      Close Up (CU)

You know it’s time for a close-up shot when you want to reveal a subject’s emotions and reactions. The close-up camera shot fills your frame with a part of your subject. If your subject is a person, it is often their face.

*      Extreme Close Up (ECU)

An extreme close-up is the most you can fill a frame with your subject. It often shows eyes, mouth and gun triggers. In extreme close-up shots, smaller objects get great detail and are the focal point.

*      3/4 shot 

A 3/4 shot is any image where subject has been cropped at around the knees

*      Point of view shot.

A point of view shot is a short film scene that shows what a character is looking at. It is usually established by being positioned between a shot of a character looking at something, and a shot showing the character's reaction. The technique of POV is one of the foundations of film editing.

https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/ultimate-guide-to-camera-shots/

Question 14: with the aid of diagram explain what is Rule of third and why it is necessary in composition(10 Marks)

(Operate a video Camera, learning unit 3, and page 408)

In photography, the rule of thirds is a type of composition in which an image is divided evenly into thirds, both horizontally and vertically, and the subject of the image is placed at the intersection of those dividing lines, or along one of the lines itself.


The rule of thirds is an essential photography technique. It can be applied to any subject to improve the composition and balance of your images. It's an important concept to learn as it can be used in all types of photography to produce images which are more engaging and better balanced.It helps draw the viewer's eye into the image and places more emphasis on the subject. Ideally, the empty space that's left should be in the direction the subject is looking or heading into. 

https://www.photographymad.com/pages/view/rule-of-thirds

 

Question 15: explain five rules of composition (10 Marks)

(Operate a video Camera, learning unit 3, and page 410)

1.   The Rule Of Thirds

The basic principle is that your shot will look better if you put points of interest on the thirds of your frame. You can visualize these points when imagining lines dividing your screen into nine blocks: three sections vertically, and three sections horizontally.

2.   Symmetry

Using symmetry is a great way to get your point across in these scenarios:

·         To convey the beauty of a scene.

·         To help your audience focus on your subject.

3.   Leading Lines

Visible lines in your shot will subconsciously tell your viewer where they should be looking. Lines are everywhere: the stair railing, the picket fence, a river running past, roads, railways, and so on. It’s a subtle way of guiding your audience in the direction you want while also adding an element of depth to your footage.

4.   Leading Room & Head Room

Head room means that you want the top of your character’s head to be in the frame at all times. If your subject’s head is cut off, it creates a feeling of being cramped and uncomfortable, as well as just looking a bit bizarre.

Leading room refers to the amount of space next to your character while they’re looking in a particular direction. If your character is facing the left-hand side of the screen, you’ll want them to be more on the right-hand side, to provide space between them and where they’re looking.

5.   Depth

Every shot has a foreground, midground, and background. What you choose to show (or not show) tells a lot about what’s in your shot.

The depth of your scene is affected by:

·         Location: where you shoot.

·         Lens: what lens you use and its capacity to provide depth.

6.   Size Equals Power

The size equals power rule sounds simple, but it has huge implications for your project. If an object takes up a large amount of the frame, viewers will see it as important. If it only takes up a small amount, then it’s insignificant in the bigger picture.

https://motionarray.com/learn/filmmaking/shot-composition-framing-rules/

SECTION C: Choose one (1) question in section C    /15 MARKS

Question 16: explain twelve (12)camera movements (15 Marks)

(Operate a video Camera, learning unit 3, and page 411)

1.   Tracking shot: Any shot in which the camera physically moves sideways, forward, or backward through the scene. Tracking shots usually last longer than other shots, follow one or more moving subjects, and immerse the audience in a particular setting. 

  1. Dolly shot: Dollying is a type of tracking shot in which the camera operator moves the entire camera forward or backward along a dolly.
  2. Truck shot: Trucking is a type of tracking shot in which the entire camera moves left or right along a track.
  3. Pan shot: Panning is a camera movement where the camera pivots left or right on a horizontal axis while its base remains in a fixed location.

5.   Whip pan: A whip pan (also called a “swish pan”) is a quicker type of pan shot in which the camera pans so fast that it creates a motion blur effect.

6.   Tilt shot: A camera tilt is a vertical movement in which the camera base remains in a fixed location while the camera pivots vertically. 

7.   Crane shot: A crane shot is any shot from a camera mounted on a robotic crane. Cranes are capable of lifting the camera high in the air and moving it in any direction, meaning a crane shot may also incorporate all other types of camera movements (like a dolly, truck, pan, tilt, etc.).

  1. Aerial shot: An aerial shot is a shot from extremely high in the air, giving the viewer a bird's eye view of the action in the scene. Filmmakers originally had to use helicopters to capture an aerial shot, but today, filmmaking drones are a more affordable and popular option.
  2. Pedestal shot: A pedestal shot is a vertical camera movement in which the entire camera raises or lowers in relation to the subject. A pedestal shot differs from a camera tilt because the entire camera moves up or down rather than just pivoting from a fixed point.
  3. Handheld shot: A handheld shot is an unstabilized shot in which the camera operator physically holds the camera and moves it throughout the filming location. Handheld camera shots are often shaky and create a more frenzied, hectic feeling
  4. Zoom shot: A zoom shot is a camera shot in which the focal length of a zoom lens changes while the camera remains stationary. A cinematographer may choose to zoom in for a close-up or zoom out for a long shot (also called a wide shot).
  5. Rack focus: A rack focus is when the lens focus changes mid-shot in order to shift the viewer's attention to a different part of the frame. For example, if a cinematographer starts a scene focused on a character in the foreground, they may rack focus mid-scene so that character becomes blurry and an important object in the background becomes clear. A rack focus is similar to a zoom shot in that the camera does not actually move.
  6. Dolly zoom: A dolly zoom is a shot in which the camera crew dollies backward or forward while simultaneously zooming the lens in the opposite direction. This causes the subject in the frame to stay the same size while the foreground and background are distorted. A dolly zoom is also called a "Vertigo shot"

Question 17: Cleary draw and explain exposure triangle

(Operate a video Camera, learning unit 3, and page 411)

(15 Marks)

The Exposure Triangle comprises aperture, shutter speed, and ISO. These three camera and lens controls work together to regulate the amount of light that makes it to the light-sensitive surface (aperture and shutter speed) and the sensitivity of that surface (film or digital ISO). Not only do those three controls affect the light of a photograph, they also have unique “side effects.” Aperture controls depth of field, shutter speed can blur or freeze action, and ISO can add or subtract film grain or digital noise from an image.

Light

Exposure can be defined as the amount of light that falls onto the camera's light-sensitive surface. In any given scene, regardless if there is natural or artificial light being emitted, there is a measurable amount of light that illuminates your subject.

Exposure is controlled in a photograph by the camera's aperture, shutter speed, and the ISO of the film or digital sensor—the Exposure Triangle.

Aperture is the size of the opening of the lens. The larger the opening, the more light gets through. The smaller the opening, the less light gets through.

Shutter speed is a measurement of how long the shutter is open, allowing light to get to the film or sensor. The longer it is open, the more light reaches the film or sensor. The shorter the duration of time it is open, the less light reaches the film or sensor.

ISO is a measure of the sensitivity of the film or digital sensor to light. The higher the ISO, the more sensitive the surface is to light. The lower the ISO, the less sensitive.

Aperture also controls depth of field and shutter speed can freeze or blur action. ISO creates film grain or digital noise when increased.

 

All three of these controls are adjusted individually or in unison, to manage the brightness and capture of an image.


https://www.bhphotovideo.com/explora/photography/tips-and-solutions/the-exposure-triangle